Sending Transactions

Transactions are a formal action on a blockchain. They are always initiated in Astrone with a call to the eth_sendTransaction method. They can involve a simple sending of ether, may result in sending tokens, creating a new smart contract, or changing state on the blockchain in any number of ways. They are always initiated by a signature from an external account, or a simple key pair.

In Astrone, using the astrone.request method directly, sending a transaction will involve composing an options object like this:

const transactionParameters = {
  nonce: '0x00',
  gasPrice: '0x09184e72a000', // customizable by user during Astrone confirmation.
  gas: '0x2710', // customizable by user during Astrone confirmation.
  to: '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000', // Required except during contract publications.
  from: '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000', // must match user's active address.
  value: '0x00', // Only required to send ether to the recipient from the initiating external account.
  data:
    '0x7f7465737432000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600057', // Optional, but used for defining smart contract creation and interaction.
};
// txHash is a hex string
// As with any RPC call, it may throw an error
const txHash = await astrone.request({
  method: 'eth_sendTransaction',
  data: {
    params: transactionParameters,
  },
});

Example

<button class="enableAstroneButton btn">Enable Astrone</button>
<button class="sendBnbButton btn">Send Coin base</button>

const astroneButton = document.querySelector('.enableAstroneButton');
const sendBnbButton = document.querySelector('.sendBnbButton');
let account;
//Sending Ethereum to an address
sendBnbButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
  astrone
    .request({
      method: 'eth_sendTransaction',
      data: {
        params: [
          {
            from: account,
            to: '0x2f318C334780961FB129D2a6c30D0763d9a5C970',
            value: '0x29a2241af62c0000',
            gasPrice: '0x09184e72a000',
            gas: '0x2710',
          },
        ],
      },
    })
    .then((txHash) => console.log(txHash))
    .catch((error) => console.error);
});
astroneButton.addEventListener('click', () => {
  getAccount();
});
async function getAccount() {
  const accountObj = await astrone.request({ method: 'eth_accounts' });
  account = accountObj.account;
}

Transaction Parameters

Many transaction parameters are handled for you by Astrone, but it's good to know what all the parameters do.

Nonce

In Ethereum every transaction has a nonce. This is so that each transaction can only be processed by the blockchain once. Additionally, to be a valid transaction, the nonce must either be 0, or a transaction with the previous number must have already been processed.

That means that transactions are always processed in order for a given account, and so incrementing nonces is a very sensitive matter that is easy to mess up, especially when a user is interacting with multiple applications with pending transactions using the same account, potentially across multiple devices.

For these reasons, Astrone currently does not provide application developers any way to customize the nonce of transactions it suggests. Instead, Astrone assists the user in managing their transaction queue themselves

Gas Price [optional]

Optional parameter - best used on private blockchains.

In Ethereum, every transaction specifies a price for the gas that it will consume. To maximize their profit, block producers will pick pending transactions with higher gas prices first when creating the next block. This means that a high gas price will usually cause your transaction to be processed faster, at the cost of greater transaction fees. Note that this may not be true for e.g. Layer 2 networks, which may have a constant gas price or no gas price at all.

In other words, while you can ignore this parameter on Astrone's default networks, you may want to include it in situations where your application knows more about the target network than we do. On our default networks, Astrone allows users to choose between "slow," "medium," and "fast" options for their gas price.

Gas Limit [optional]

Optional parameter. Rarely useful to Dapp developers.

Gas limit is a highly optional parameter, and we automatically calculate a reasonable price for it. You will probably know that your smart contract benefits from a custom gas limit if it ever does for some reason.

To [semi-optional]

A hex-encoded Ethereum address. Required for transactions with a recipient (all transactions except for contract creation).

Contract creation occurs when there is no to value but there is a data value.

Value [optional]

Hex-encoded value of the network's native currency to send. On the Main Ethereum network, this is ether (opens new window), which is denominated in wei, which is 1e-18 ether.

Please note that these numbers often used in Ethereum are far higher precision than native JavaScript numbers, and can cause unpredictable behavior if not anticipated. For this reason, we highly recommend using BN.js (opens new window) when manipulating values intended for the blockchain.

Data [semi-optional]

Required for smart contract creation.

This field is also used for specifying contract methods and their parameters. You can learn more about how that data is encoded on the solidity ABI spec (opens new window).

Chain ID [currently ignored]

Chain ID is currently derived by the user's current selected network at ethereum.networkVersion. In the future we will probably allow a way to connect to multiple networks at once, at which point this parameter will become important, so it may be useful to be in the habit of including now.